South African Sanitary Pads And Pantyliners Contain Hormone-disrupting Chemicals - New Study

A new research from the University of the Free State (UFS) has revealed  that menstrual products used by millions of South Africans contain hormone-disrupting chemicals, even when marketed as “free from harmful chemicals”.

The study, published in Science of the Total Environment, found that every sanitary pad and pantyliner tested contained at least two endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), raising serious questions about consumer safety, chemical disclosure and long-term health risks.

Researchers analysed 16 brands of sanitary pads and eight types of pantyliners sold at popular South African retailers, spanning a range of prices and including products marketed as “organic”, “plant-based” or “free from harmful chemicals”. The findings showed widespread contamination across all the tested products. 

The authors screened for three major classes of EDCs — phthalates, bisphenols (including bisphenol A, or BPA) and parabens. Every pad and liner contained at least two of the target chemicals. 

“EDCs, such as phthalates, bisphenols and parabens, are widely used in consumer products and have been associated with reproductive toxicity, hormonal imbalance and cancer,” the study noted.

“Menstrual products represent a potential but under-recognised source of exposure. In South Africa, several brands advertise as being free from harmful chemicals, yet limited research has verified these as potential EDC sources.”

The study highlighted a concerning reality regarding the safety of menstrual products, head of the university’s department of chemistry Deon Visser said. “Many sanitary pads and liners contain hormone-disrupting chemicals, even when they are marketed as being ‘free from harmful chemicals’.”

Bisphenols were detected in 100% of sanitary pads and 75% of pantyliners, while parabens were found in more than 81% of pads and 75% of liners. Phthalates, commonly used as plasticisers, were present in all pantyliners tested and in half of sanitary pads.

The researchers emphasised that the chemicals were not necessarily added intentionally. Instead, they could migrate into products during manufacturing from plastics, adhesives, packaging materials and even contaminated water used in production.

“The heat-pressing process can cause these chemicals to move into the top layer that touches your skin,” Visser said.

While the amounts detected in individual products might appear small, the study warns that the real concern lies in cumulative exposure over time.

Menstrual products are worn directly against highly permeable genital and mucosal tissue, which absorbs chemicals more readily than the skin on other parts of the body. Most users rely on pads and liners for several days every month over decades.

The results reveal that menstrual products such as sanitary pads and liners in South Africa are a “significant but overlooked source of toxic exposure”. Although daily doses might seem low, the long-term, repeated contact with sensitive tissues poses cumulative health risks, including reproductive toxicity and cancer.

EDCs, such as phthalates, bisphenols and parabens, are known female endocrine disruptors because they can mimic or interfere with natural hormones in the body. BPA, in particular, has a chemical structure similar to oestrogen, allowing it to bind to oestrogen receptors. Because oestrogen drives the growth of some breast cancers, this raises concern about long-term risk.

Heightened phthalate exposures have also been linked to fertility issues among men and women, premature puberty onset, endometriosis and ovulation disorders. Cases of contact dermatitis, thyroid hormone disruption, elevated sex steroid hormone levels and the induction of reactive oxygen species in the body have been reported too. 

“These issues, its transplacental transfer ability, its bio-cumulative nature and the serious damage chronic poisoning can cause to the reproductive system and the liver have raised concerns about its safety, especially in PCPs … There is increasing evidence that dermal contact is a relevant route of exposure,” the study said.

Using standard exposure calculations, the researchers found that daily exposure to BPA from pads and liners exceeded the European Food Safety Authority’s tolerable daily intake by dozens of times. When higher absorption rates — more realistic for vulvar skin — were considered, exposure levels increased dramatically.

“Although individual daily doses may look low, the group and cumulative exposure becomes significant,” the authors note, particularly given that menstrual products are only one of many daily sources of EDC exposure, alongside food, cosmetics, dust and water.

The findings highlight gaps in the country’s regulatory framework. While the South African Bureau of Standards sets requirements for aspects such as absorbency, size and microbiological safety, there are no standards governing chemical content in menstrual products.

“Manufacturers are not required to disclose the full chemical composition of menstrual products,” Visser said. “We believe they should disclose all chemicals, even if levels fall below daily limits.”

Globally, only a handful of regulators provide guidance on chemicals permitted in sanitary products, including the Food and Drug Administration in the US and Japan’s Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency. In South Africa, the only BPA-specific regulation applies to baby feeding bottles, not menstrual products.

The researchers warn that environmental contamination and weak regulation might continue to shape the chemical profiles of pads and liners sold locally. The study cautions that insufficient regulation and safety oversight of menstrual products compounds period poverty and increases the risk of harmful exposure among marginalised groups.

Disposable pads and liners are also mass-produced and widely discarded, where they can leach chemicals into soil and water systems, creating additional exposure pathways through food, drinking water and dust.

Unlike food or cosmetics, the chemical composition of menstrual products is rarely communicated to users, leaving little opportunity for informed choice.

While calling for stronger regulation, clearer labelling and routine monitoring of menstrual products, the researchers also offer practical advice. Visser recommends choosing products certified under the OEKO-TEX Standard 100, which restricts hazardous substances, or considering reusable menstrual products.

The research forms part of a broader UFS initiative on menstrual health and access. The interdisciplinary team is developing a reusable sanitary pad with antimicrobial properties.

“This study serves as a wake-up call,” Visser said. “Current regulations and ‘clean’ labels in South Africa may not be providing the protection consumers expect.”

The authors said further research was urgently needed to better understand long-term, low-dose exposure through menstrual products and to inform evidence-based policies that protect consumer health.

  

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Why Is The Population Of Mosquitoes Exploding In Nairobi, Kenya?

It’s now a fact that the population of mosquitoes in Nairobi, the iconic capital city of Kenya, is exploding at an alarming rate.

According to Hellen Shikanda, a health correspondent with the Daily Nation of Kenya, “You may have noticed more mosquitoes lately. They are not the shy type. They do not care about you trying to swat them. They perch on one part of your body, get hit and simply move to the next. Their bites leave you scratching for a long time. Their buzzing is irritating even during the day”.

Why The Upsurge?

But the big question is: what is behind the sudden rise in the mosquitoes population in Nairobi. Some analysts say it’s due to the rapid urbanization which the city has been going through in recent times, while others believe the Gates Foundation has biologically engineered the ugly development, a claim the foundation has vehemently refuted.

African cities have been witnessing rapid urbanisation, with urban populations growing at an average rate of 3.44% annually, according to the UN World Cities Report 2022. Nairobi is not an exception, experiencing exponential growth from 290,000 residents in 1960 to an estimated of 5 million in 2023. Over 60% of Nairobi’s population resides in informal settlements, a substantial increase from 33% four decades ago.

The challenges faced by Nairobi’s informal settlements are multifaceted. They include water, sanitation, and hygiene, environmental concerns, health and a host of others.

Many believe the reason there is an upsurge in the population of mosquitoes in Kenya, particularly in Nairobi, is due to a combination of unusually warm temperatures, erratic rainfall, and rapid, unplanned urbanization. These conditions accelerate breeding cycles and create ample stagnant water for larvae, with some species developing from egg to adult in just seven days. 

Climate Change & Heat are a big factor in this regard. Warmer temperatures shorten the mosquito life cycle and increase survival rates, enabling faster reproduction. Stagnant Water & poor Sanitation also play a major role in the rapid increase in the population of mosquitoes in Nairobi. Poor drainage systems, uncollected waste, and blocked sewer lines create, ideal breeding sites.

Again, as earlier mentioned, rapid development and building projects in the city often leave behind stagnant water in containers and foundations, creating, artificial breeding grounds.

Urbanization is not only about building constructions; it is also about population. Increased human density provides more opportunities for mosquitoes, particularly the Culex species, to breed in residential areas. 

Bill Gates And The Upsurge Of Mosquitoes In Nairobi

Amidst all this comes the allegation that Bill Gates is behind the sudden spike in mosquitoes in Kenya. The social media was recently awash with claims that he is funding a biological engineering of mosquitoes in the country for the purpose of research. The claims, led by politician Paul Muite on X, suggested genetically modified mosquitoes were being released to target malaria, but instead were biting children and the elderly. However, the Gates Foundation has come out to dispel these rumours.

In a statement, the foundation said it doesn't release mosquitoes, insisting it doesn’t run labs that do. It stressed that all their work in Kenya follows national laws and local oversight.

Their role, they say, is to support Kenyan-led health priorities, working alongside the government, researchers, and public health partners, not dictate policy or bypass local authorities.

While the social media posts sparked a lot of concern, malaria prevention in Kenya has remained firmly in the hands of the National Malaria Control Programme, which handles insecticidal nets and indoor spraying.

“The Gates Foundation does fund research into innovative tools, like the World Mosquito Program and Target Malaria, but all operations in Kenya are handled by local experts under strict regulation,” the statement read.

With malaria still a major public health challenge, the foundation says it’s crucial for people to separate fact from fiction, and keep the focus on effective, locally-led prevention efforts.

What Experts Have To Say Concerning The Upsurge

Dr Eric Ochomo, an entomologist at the Kenya Medical Research Institute (Kemri), says they have noticed an alarming increase in the population of mosquitoes in Nairobi. Kemri scientists run active surveillance on 60 sites across the country. Dr Ochomo explains that there are currently two kinds of mosquitoes spreading in Nairobi. These, he says, are the Aedes and the Culex. The Aedes mosquitoes appear mostly in the daytime ; they are bigger in size and are black and white and therefore easy to notice from a distance. Their bites are quite painful, and even after biting, they do not fly far away. “They are lazy mosquitoes and can be quite stubborn,” he says.

According to him, the Aedes breed very rapidly in open water tanks, old tyres, shallow containers and open sewers. The Culex mosquitoes, on the other hand, are loud and come out mostly at night. They are also easy to notice because of their large size.

Dr Ochomo also revealed that the Anopheles mosquitoes, which is the species that transmit malaria parasites, have not yet been recorded as one of those whose population is currently rising in Nairobi.

Nairobi Not A Malaria Prone Zone

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), Nairobi is generally classified as a low-risk or malaria-free zone, with a very low, stable incidence rate (<1% parasite prevalence) due to its high altitude,

though it remains a common diagnosis in local clinics, accounting for 11% of pediatric cases. While cases nationwide have risen (27% in 2025),, urban areas

like Nairobi do not experience the high-rate, rapid increases seen in rural Kenya.

But even with these subtle assurances, experts believe the sudden upsurge in the population of mosquitoes in the city is something to worry about. If the prevailing conditions in Nairobi encourage the spread of the Aedes and Culex, these same conditions can also trigger the rise of Anopheles, they argue.

Poor Sanitation As A Major Driver

Dr Ochomo says the main driver of mosquitoes increase in Nairobi is poor sanitation. “When you don’t drain water and it is warm, mosquitoes find a breeding ground. Mosquito matures from larva to adult within just seven days. Mosquitoes lay large numbers of eggs, up to 500 at a time. If the temperature is warm, the breeding is further accelerated. Imagine if all those eggs become adults; they will be everywhere,” he says.

He says counties need to grasp the situation and tackle the sanitation problem squarely because climate change is already happening. In Nairobi, a number of high-rise buildings are going up to meet the housing demands of people moving from rural areas to urban centres. On many construction sites, temporary soak pits are used and Dr Ochomo explains that as long as that water is there and is stagnant, it will be a very good breeding site for mosquitoes.

Conclusion

Experts say stopping the increase of mosquitoes in Nairobi requires a combination of community-level environmental management and individual protection measures, particularly because warmer temperatures and increased rains from climate change are accelerating breeding. The focus should be on destroying breeding sites and preventing

entry into homes.

And what is true of Nairobi is equally true of most rapidly urbanizing African cities like  Lagos, Nigeria; Kinshasa, DRC; Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Luanda, Angola  Bujumbura, Burundi; , Zinder, Niger; , Kampala, Uganda; , Kabinda, Congo; , Mbouda, Cameroon; Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Abuja, Nigeria and many others.

  

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Orange Or Apple: Which Is Better For A Consumer Residing In West Africa

Article By Dumbiri Frank Eboh 

The one question that consumers of fruits in West Africa have often battled with, is: which is better orange or apple? For rural dwellers in this sub-region, orange is readily available and so commands more patronage than apple for the obvious reason that the latter is imported and therefore costlier. But the story is not quite the same in West African cities. Here, because of the proximity to ports and the consequent availability of apple at affordable prices, many would prefer apple even though those in the lower class would opt for the less costly orange. But health wise, which is better for someone living in West Africa: orange or apple? A closer look at key indicators, especially those relating to production, importation, storage and preservatives while in transit, among others, present some very interesting observations on these two very important fruits and their health implications for the final consumer residing in West Africa. But first, let’s look at the nutritional value of each fruit.

The Nutritional Value Of Orange

Oranges are a type of healthy, low calorie, highly nutritious citrus fruit. As part of a healthful and varied diet, oranges contribute to strong, clear skin and can help lower a person’s risk of many conditions.

Oranges are popular due to their natural sweetness, the many different types available, and the diversity of uses. For example, a person can consume them in juices and marmalades, eat them whole, or use zested peel to add a tangy flavor to cakes and desserts.

This popular citrus fruit is particularly known for its vitamin C content. However, oranges contain a range of other plant compounds and antioxidants that may reduce inflammation and work against disease.

The Nutritional Value Of Apple 

Apples contain antioxidants, vitamins, dietary fiber, and a range of other nutrients. Due to their varied nutrient content, apples can be a healthy addition to a balanced diet.

Apples come in a variety of shapes, colors, and flavors. They provide a range of nutrients that can benefit many aspects of a person’s health.

Eating a diet rich in apples, may help reduce the risk of several conditions, including cancer, obesity, heart disease and diabetes among others. 

The Impact Of Consumer-Production Proximity On The Efficacy Of Fruits 

Looking closely at the similarity in the health benefits of both fruits, one might be tempted to jump to the conclusion that whichever you opt for, whether orange or apple, is okay. However, the assessment is not as easy as that.

Studies have shown that the proximity of the consumer of a particular fruit to the production location of that fruit, plays a vital role on the efficacy of that fruit on the consumer. This is as a result of several factors. For instance, fruits begin to lose nutrients, especially Vitamin C and certain B vitamins, immediately after being picked. Local, short-transit produce retains higher levels of these nutrients compared to fruit that has traveled long distances. Again, fruits allowed to ripen fully on the tree or vine develop maximum sugar and nutrient content. On the other hand, long-distance, imported fruit is often harvested before it is ripe, missing this peak in nutritional value.

Locally sourced produce requires fewer chemical preservatives, waxes, and artificial ripening agents (like ethylene gas) often used on imported, long-distance shipments.

Besides, some research suggests that eating fruits grown in your own, familiar environment and climate provides nutrients better matched to your body's needs since both you and the product exist in the same biosphere and ecological region. 

With the above in mind, let’s take a comparative look at the orange and the apple in terms of proximity to a consumer in West Africa.

The Proximity Of Consumers To The Production Of Orange And Apple In West Africa 

Even though a few oranges are imported into West Africa, the bulk of oranges consumed in the subregion comes from local production. Nigeria and Ghana are the top producers of oranges in West Africa, with production primarily focused on meeting local consumption demands. These countries produce large quantities for local fresh markets, though they are not major exporters compared to North African producers like Egypt. 

The implication of this is that, the oranges consumed in West Africa are generally more fresh as they do not undergo the unfavourable conditions that imported fruits are made to go through as earlier stated.

But the same cannot be said about apples. Most apples consumed in Africa are imported primarily because the continent's, particularly West Africa's, hot, tropical climate is unsuitable for large-scale production of temperate apple varieties, which require specific, colder conditions. Over 95% of Africa's apple production is concentrated in just four countries (South Africa, Egypt, Morocco, and Algeria), necessitating imports to meet growing demand in other regions, including West Africa. 

The implication? These long-distance, imported apples are often harvested before they are really ripe and are most times subjected to chemical preservatives, wax, which greatly affect their nutritional values and often impact negatively on the health of the consumer. And since fruits begin to lose nutrients, especially Vitamin C and certain B vitamins, immediately after being picked, it’s obvious most of these apples will lose their nutritional values before they get to the final consumer in West Africa.

Conclusion

Orange is good and nutritious; apple is also good and nutritious. But when it comes to a consumer living in West Africa, orange has a comparative advantage in nutritional delivery to the final consumer. Of course, one finds one or two oranges, especially in some West African cities, that are shipped from the local farms and subjected to ripening agents; but the bulk of the oranges consumed in the subregion are generally fresh and nutritious.

It is difficult to get an apple that is really fresh, without wax and without preservatives in this part of the continent.

 

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Aloe Vera And The Fight Against Malaria In Africa: The Discovery Of A New Study

The prevalence of malaria in Africa continues to be a cause for concern. Despite the various interventions by health authorities, the continent bears a disproportionately high share of the global malaria burden, accounting for approximately 95% of all cases . most of the fatalities from malaria occurs in children under five. Nigeria alone accounts for over 25-30% of the global burden. While significant progress has been made since 2000,, malaria remains a major public health challenge, with about 1.3 billion people at risk. 

Most people are now looking in the direction of natural solution as the hope of a lasting solution to the problem of malaria.  In a recent study, researchers discovered that Aloe vera compounds called anthraquinones sharply reduced malaria parasite levels, especially at low doses.

When combined with amodiaquine, a common malarial drug, the treatment worked even better, in some cases completely clearing the infection.

Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis miller) is a succulent, cactus-like plant known for its thick, fleshy leaves containing a clear, medicinal gel. Used for thousands of years in traditional medicine for its soothing, moisturizing, and anti-inflammatory properties; it has often been used to treat skin conditions like sunburns, wounds, and acne. Aloe vera has long been used in traditional medicine across Africa and the Middle East. In Yemen, Aloe juice is commonly mixed with other ingredients to treat malaria-like symptoms, while in Nigeria it is frequently used by herbal practitioners to manage fevers.

The researchers had focused on anthraquinones, naturally occurring compounds found in Aloe vera, and tested their effectiveness against Plasmodium berghei, a malaria-causing parasite, using infected laboratory mice.

The study, in Tropical Journal of Natural Product Research, included Abdulazeez A. Abubakar, Temidayo D. Adeniyi, Shukura Salau, Jacob O. Arawande and Akinpelu Moronkeji from the University of Medical Sciences, Ondo as well as Oluwagbenga Aina at the Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Yaba.

In laboratory tests, researchers used laboratory mice infected with malaria. They gave some mice Aloe vera extract; some standard malaria medicine and another group received a combination of Aloe vera and malaria medicine.

Each day, they checked the blood of the mice to see how many malaria parasites were still there and whether the number was going up or down.

They discovered that Aloe vera compounds called anthraquinones significantly reduced malaria parasite levels in infected mice, especially at low doses.

Among the different extracts tested, the methanolic fraction proved most effective, achieving the lowest parasite density at a dose of 200 microgrammes per kilogramme, with parasite levels dropping to 0.53 parasites per microlitre of blood.

Other extracts made with ethyl acetate and n-hexane also showed parasite suppression, though to a lesser extent. Overall, the extracts demonstrated strong suppressive, preventive, and curative effects, meeting established benchmarks for antimalarial activity.

In addition, the study reported that when combined with the antimalarial drug amodiaquine, the treatment worked even better, in some cases completely clearing the infection.

At a dose of 200 microgrammes per kilogramme of anthraquinones combined with 40 milligrammes per kilogramme of amodiaquine recorded the highest parasite suppression.

While higher anthraquinone doses produced lower suppression rates in short-term tests, they showed strong curative effects over longer treatment periods, with complete parasite clearance observed by day six at the highest dose tested.

In addition, the study recorded no deaths or obvious toxicity in mice at the doses tested, suggesting a favourable safety profile at the experimental level.

Though the mechanisms of action are not yet fully established, they suggested that the combination might have inhibited various stages of the parasite’s growth and reproduction, altered the permeability and integrity of parasite membranes and ultimately led to the death of the parasite.

“Anthraquinones, a component of the combination, may modulate the host’s immune response, thereby enhancing the host’s natural defences against malaria,” they declared.

The researchers suggested therefore that Aloe vera derived compounds may enhance the effectiveness of existing antimalarial drugs, a strategy increasingly encouraged by the World Health Organisation to slow the development of drug resistance.

“If the potential of the compound is properly harnessed, the severity and number of malaria cases will be reduced, ultimately leading to a reduction in morbidity and mortality rates,” they said.

However, researchers said that the findings are based on animal models and as such human studies are essential before any clinical recommendations can be made.

They also called for further research into how the compounds work; including understanding how it works with malaria medicines, correct dosing, and potential long-term effects.

Apart from Aloe vera, several plants that can boost the effectiveness of malaria medicines like artemisinin have been identified.

In the 2022 edition of the South African Journal of Botany study, scientists found Stemonocoleus micranthus stem in combination with artemisinin enhanced the antimalarial potency of the two drugs involved, compared to when used as individual drugs.

Stemonocoleus micranthus is known as “nre” in the South-east of Nigeria. Its stem bark decoction is most widely used traditionally as a remedy for various diseases such as malaria and boil.

Also, in another study, researchers found the combination of Securidaca longipedunculata with Artemether and Lumefantrine a more potent antimalarial treatment in combating resistance.

Securidaca longipedunculata, commonly called Violet tree, “uwar maganigunar” in Hausa, “Ipeta” in Yoruba and “ezeogwu” in Ibo has been used as a remedy for various disease conditions in traditional medicine.

Previously, scientists found stem bark of Khaya grandifoliola, bitter leaf, Cryptolepis sanguinolenta (paran pupa in Yoruba), mangosteen rind, Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Asofeyeje in Yoruba) and Moringa oleifera (Ewe Igbale or drumstick tree) leaf extracts as partner drugs of artemisinin for treating malaria. Their combination with artemisinin had a very strong antimalarial effect and as such a low dose of artesunate will be required in treating malaria.

 

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Herbal Remedy For HIV: South African Scientists Look Closer At The Efficacy Of Product Nkabinde

Researchers in South Africa have taken an important step toward explaining how a traditional herbal remedy long used in some communities may help in the fight against HIV, a disease that continues to affect millions across Sub-Saharan Africa.

In a new study published in the International Journal of Molecular Sciences, scientists reported that Product Nkabinde (PN), a polyherbal formulation used by traditional healers, contains compounds that may act on key biological pathways involved in HIV infection and immune regulation.

These researchers included Samuel Chima Ugbaja, Mlungisi Ngcobo, Siphathimandla Authority Nkabinde, Magugu Nkabinde and Nceba Gqaleni, from the University of KwaZulu-Natal and the African Health Research Institute in South Africa.

HIV/AIDS remains one of the world’s most persistent public health challenges, with Sub-Saharan Africa bearing the greatest burden. Despite major advances in antiretroviral therapy (ART), millions of people continue to live with HIV, and gaps in access to healthcare, funding uncertainties, and rising infection rates threaten recent gains.

In many rural and underserved areas, traditional medicine plays a vital role in healthcare. An increasing number of people living with HIV use herbal remedies alongside conventional antiretroviral therapy, making it necessary to scientifically assess their safety and potential benefits.

Against this backdrop, researchers are drawing attention to the potential role of traditional medicine in supporting HIV treatment and care.  One such is Product Nkabinde (PN), a traditional polyherbal formulation made from four medicinal plants used by healers to manage HIV and other sexually transmitted infections in South Africa.

The medicinal plants combined, according to indigenous knowledge systems in South Africa, are Sclerocarya birrea (stem and leaves), Gnidia sericocephala (roots), Senna italica (roots) and Pentanisia prunelloides (roots).

PN polyherbal plants are located in different places around the world, including South Africa, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Ethiopia, the Sudano-Sahelian region of West Africa, and Madagascar.

To better understand how the remedy works, researchers analyzed 27 naturally occurring compounds found in PN. Using advanced computational techniques, researchers examined how these compounds might interact with human proteins linked to HIV infection.

The analysis identified 327 genes shared between HIV-related biological pathways and the compounds in PN, from which they highlighted 10 key “hub” genes involved in processes that are central to HIV disease progression. These are immune response, inflammation, metabolism, and cell survival.

According to the study, compounds in PN influenced immune function and viral persistence through multiple targets at once, unlike conventional drugs.

Its constituents, such as rutin, catechin, quercetin derivatives, and aloin, showed strong binding with HIV-related protein targets and so influence immune defence and HIV cell survival.

Such multi-target effects are typical of many plant-based medicines and may help explain why traditional remedies are sometimes reported to improve wellbeing in people living with HIV.

The findings help explain why traditional remedies like PN may provide perceived benefits for people living with HIV, particularly in settings where access to healthcare is limited.

The researchers stated that since PN can influence immune defence and HIV cell survival, it could potentially complement standard HIV treatment, but they cautioned against it replacing antiretroviral therapy.

They declared that plant-derived compounds with multi-target activity may be beneficial in complex diseases like HIV, but it also raises the possibility of unintended effects at high doses or with long-term use.

They emphasized the need for further research, including laboratory experiments, animal studies, toxicity assessments, and eventually human clinical trials, for proof of clinical effectiveness before PN or its components can be considered for wider medical use.

They also warned that plant compounds can have unintended effects if used at high doses or over long periods, underlining the importance of safety and dosage studies.

Researchers suggested that PN probably acts against HIV through several supportive biological mechanisms, rather than by directly “killing” the virus.

HIV weakens the immune system by attacking key immune cells. Many compounds found in PN are known to regulate immune responses, helping the body respond more effectively to infection. This immune-balancing effect may help slow disease progression.

Its constituents, especially tannins and flavonoids, have been shown in laboratory studies to block HIV from entering human cells. This does not eliminate the virus but may reduce its ability to spread within the body.

In addition, PN compounds appear to disrupt viral replication indirectly and reduce chronic inflammation and oxidative stress, as well as prevent premature death of immune cells, so ensuring better outcomes for people living with HIV.

According to public health experts, the study is important because it closes the gap between traditional knowledge and contemporary science, particularly in regions where traditional medicine is still an important part of healthcare.

By applying rigorous scientific methods to herbal remedies, researchers aim to discover safe, effective compounds that could one day enhance current HIV medications.  

As the HIV epidemic continues to threaten health systems across Africa, studies such as this indicate the significance of exploring every possibility while keeping patient safety and scientific evidence at the forefront.

 

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Africa CDC Declares Ethiopia Marburg Free

The first-ever outbreak of Marburg in Ethiopia has been declared over, after less than three months of rapid and collaborative response efforts supported by the Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC).

The end of the outbreak – which was largely confined to Ethiopia’s southern region – comes after 42 consecutive days without any new cases. Africa CDC Director-General, Dr Jean Kaseya, commended the Government of Ethiopia for its swift leadership and high level of transparency throughout the response, noting that the country’s actions demonstrated the resilience and growing strength of its health system.

He said rather than allowing the emergency to disrupt essential services, Ethiopia adopted an integrated approach that paired routine vaccination campaigns with door to door screening in affected communities. “This community centred strategy ensured early detection, maintained public confidence and preserved continuity of care,” Dr Kaseya said.

A robust laboratory system also played a central role in the response. More than 3,800 tests were conducted, leading to 14 confirmed cases, nine deaths and five recoveries. This emphasis on timely, high-quality data allowed authorities to guide decisions with precision and confidence, according to Dr Kaseya.

He said Ethiopia informed Africa CDC immediately upon confirmation of laboratory results on 14 November 2025, even before the formal outbreak declaration, describing this as “a powerful sign of trust and a strong commitment to continental health security.”

Dr Mekdes Daba, Ethiopia’s Health Minister, said the swift containment of the outbreak underscores strong national leadership, effective coordination and the dedication of frontline teams and communities, while emphasising that continued preparedness is vital to safeguard populations against future health threats.

From the start of the outbreak, Africa CDC worked closely with the Ministry of Health and the Ethiopian Public Health Institute (EPHI). The agency deployed technical experts into Ethiopia’s Incident Management System, supported the development of the national Marburg response plan, and provided essential supplies, including more than 2,000 PCR testing kits and protective equipment for frontline health workers. The organisation also strengthened Ethiopia’s surveillance, rapid-response capacity and operational research to help prevent future outbreaks.

Looking ahead, Addis Ababa will host the 5th International Conference on Public Health in Africa (CPHIA 2026), showcasing Ethiopia’s modernised Public Health Emergency Operations Centre, Artificial Intelligence Centre and growing innovation ecosystem.

“Today, as we celebrate the end of this outbreak, we are not only celebrating the containment of a virus,” Dr Kaseya said. “We are celebrating Ethiopian leadership that is positioning the Ethiopian Public Health Institute as a continental centre of excellence for outbreak preparedness and response.

 

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Tiger Nuts, Dates Flour Offer New Hope For Male Fertility — Experts

    As infertility continues to affect millions of couples worldwide, scientists are increasingly turning their attention to natural remedies that may offer safer and more affordable alternatives to synthetic drugs.

Now, in a new study, researchers said a combination of tiger nuts and date palm flour significantly improved male reproductive function in laboratory animals, offering fresh insight into the potential role of diet in addressing male infertility.

They said the simple dietary interventions involving tiger nuts and dates in humans could complement conventional treatments for male infertility, offering a more accessible and natural approach to improving reproductive outcomes.

Male infertility is an increasingly pressing public health concern. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), it contributes to nearly half of all infertility cases worldwide and it is often linked to stress, environmental exposure, poor nutrition, and lifestyle changes.

While synthetic drugs are commonly prescribed, they are often expensive and associated with adverse side effects, prompting growing interest in plant-based therapies.

In many cultures, medicinal plants have long been used in folkloric and traditional medicine to enhance sexual performance and fertility. However, scientific validation of these practices has often been limited.

The researcher in the Asian Journal of Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology had examined the impact of tiger nuts and date palm flour used individually and in combination on male reproductive health. 

Thirty male Wistar rats were divided into six groups and fed different formulations of rat feed, tiger nut flour, date flour, or mixtures of both over a 28-day period at the University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Rivers State. Then they assessed sperm quality, hormone levels, and the microscopic structure of the testes.

When combined with dates flour, tiger nuts flour increased the sperm count and quality more than when the two samples were used separately.

Rats fed a 1:1 mixture of tiger nut and date flour had the most notable improvements in sperm count, viability, and motility compared to the control group. Sperm count in this group increased more than sevenfold, while sperm viability and motility also showed marked enhancement.

The group fed a 2:1 ratio of tiger nut to date flour also recorded a significant rise in reproductive hormones, particularly testosterone and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), which are both vital for sperm production and male fertility. Testosterone levels in this group were nearly double those of the control animals.

In addition, there was an increased sexual desire and the microscopic examination of the testes showed normal seminiferous tubules, spermatocytes, and spermatogonia in all treated groups, indicating that the dietary mixtures did not damage the testes over a long time use.

Tiger nuts and dates are both rich in carbohydrates, healthy fats, protein, and antioxidants. Tiger nuts have long been believed to enhance male vitality in traditional medicine. Dates, cultivated for over 6,000 years, are packed with carbohydrates, essential fatty acids, amino acids, vitamins, and minerals.

According to the researchers, combining tiger nuts and dates may be more effective than using either alone in improving sperm quality or boosting reproductive hormones, and unlike many synthetic fertility drugs is proven safe in testes in animal models.

They attributed these effects of these two foods to the presence of bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, phenolics, and quercetin, which are known to enhance sperm quality, boost reproductive hormones, and protect testicular health, making it a viable natural remedy for infertility.

The researchers recommend further studies involving female rats to assess mating behaviour and fertility outcomes, as well as controlled human trials to evaluate the effectiveness of tiger nut and date combinations in men with infertility or erectile dysfunction.

This study contributes to the growing body of scientific literature validating traditional knowledge with modern research tools. While tiger nuts and dates are already widely consumed as foods, their potential role as functional fertility-enhancing agents opens new avenues for nutritional and therapeutic interventions.

To enhance male reproductive function, focus should also be on foods rich in zinc (oysters, pumpkin seeds, beef), omega-3s (fatty fish, walnuts, chia seeds), antioxidants (berries, dark chocolate, tomatoes, leafy greens), folate (spinach, asparagus, broccoli), and vitamins C, D, and B12 (citrus, eggs, salmon, dairy) to improve sperm count, motility, and overall health, with lean meats, fruits, nuts, and whole grains being key sources.

The relationship between some fish species, including salmon and sperm count can be traced to the presence of omega-3 fatty acids, selenium, and vitamin D. These work to increase sperm production, quality, and quantity.

Walnuts are known to be full of folate, B6, zinc, selenium, and omega-3 fatty acids, all of which support a healthy development of sperm. Furthermore, these nutrients boost the motility, shape, and size of the sperm.

Another popular way to increase sperm motility by food is adding garlic to meals. Studies have shown that the garlic compound of S-allyl cysteine can stimulate the production of testosterone levels and sperm count.

As infertility continues to rise globally, the integration of nutrition, traditional medicine, and evidence-based science may offer affordable, accessible, and safer solutions, bringing renewed hope to couples seeking to build families.

 

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Soaking In Warm Water Helps Reduce Pain And Stiffness From Arthritis

PAIN is among the main reasons individuals with rheumatoid arthritis seek medical care. The severe pain, which mostly occurs in the hands and/or feet, negatively affects their ability to perform daily activities because of many problems, such as fatigue, functional limitation, depression and sleep disorders.

Even as medications are available to manage the disease and symptoms associated with rheumatoid arthritis, there is a clear need for alternative management options that can help people cope with both the disease and the side effects of treatment.

Now, in a new study, researchers suggested that something as simple as soaking hands and feet in warm water (40–43°C), particularly warm saltwater, can significantly ease some of the most debilitating symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), offering patients a safe and affordable way to improve daily life.

In Turkey, researchers conducted a randomized controlled trial involving 54 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. They were divided into three groups: the warm saltwater bath group (18 patients), the warm water bath group (18 patients), and the control group receiving routine care only (18 patients).

Participants in the intervention groups soaked their hands and feet in warm water or warm saltwater three times a week for six weeks, typically before bedtime.

Researchers, in the study published in BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies, assessed pain, fatigue, sleep quality, disease activity, and functional capacity at the start and end of the study using internationally recognized measurement tools.

They also focused on interventions that nurses could teach patients to perform independently at home.

The results showed clear benefits for patients who used warm water or warm saltwater baths. Compared with the control group, both warm water and warm saltwater baths led to significant improvements in pain, fatigue, and sleep quality.

Notably, the greatest pain relief was observed in the warm saltwater group, suggesting that the added salt content helped reduce swelling in the joints and enhanced pain relief.

While both interventions reduced fatigue, warm water baths produced the greatest improvement, including better fatigue-related quality of life, possibly because they improved circulation and promoted deep relaxation.

In addition, patients in both intervention groups reported better sleep, an important finding given the strong link between poor sleep, pain, and fatigue in RA. The warming effect on the hands and feet may have helped the body relax and fall asleep more easily.

More, only patients using warm saltwater baths showed a significant improvement in their ability to perform daily tasks such as dressing, gripping objects, and moving their hands and feet independently. This improvement may be linked to salt’s ability to reduce joint swelling and inflammation more effectively than water alone.

Basically, the primary goals of RA treatment are to achieve remission, suppress inflammation, slow joint destruction, manage pain, and maintain functional independence in daily activities.

The researchers also reported that nurses play an important role in educating patients about symptom management, indicating how nurse-led education can empower patients to perform these baths on their own to better manage symptoms and improve quality of life.

Moreover, researchers in India found Epsom salt baths demonstrated significant pain reduction in the Epsom hot water group compared to plain water, along with notable enhancement in functional performance.

In the International Journal of Health Sciences and Research, the researchers had compared the effectiveness of Epsom salt with hot water versus plain water on pain and functional performance in individuals with arthritis.

In many communities, the elderly commonly use remedies like hot water bags, massages, and wet cloths with Epsom salt for knee pain. The Epsom salt, when mixed (200 mg) in hot water, is applied topically to the painful joint.

Previously, researchers also found a foot bath with warm saltwater effective in reducing pain in patients with painful diabetic neuropathy; hand massage with warm hand baths had a significant effect on sleep quality, comfort, and relaxation in older women with sleep disorders and fatigue-related quality of life in cancer patients.

In a randomized controlled trial, warm water baths before bedtime in patients with knee osteoarthritis had better results in terms of pain and functionality, including knee flexor and extensor strength and knee extensor endurance.

In the European Journal of Oncology Nursing, researchers described how a warm saltwater foot bath is a safe approach to help cope with chemotherapy-related fatigue and enhance the fatigue-related quality of life of cancer patients.

Moreover, researchers reported in the Pain Management Nursing declared aromatherapy massage effective in improving sleep quality in rheumatoid arthritis patients. The trial enrolled 102 patients with rheumatoid arthritis to investigate the effects of aromatherapy on pain and sleep quality.

Compared with the control group, the intervention group showed significant improvement in the sleep quality scores in the first weeks after aromatherapy massage.

The procedure is simple and easy to perform by the patients themselves at home; thus, it could be implemented as a complementary therapy for patients with RA. However, practitioners must consider the pros and cons of aromatherapy massage and tailor the interventions to the needs of patients with RA.

Recent studies emphasize that complementary and integrative methods (CIM), such as exercise, joint protection, hand-foot care, and patient education, can help patients improve their RA-related symptom management and health outcomes.

 

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Chemical Preservatives Now Used On Moi Moi Sold In Nigerian High Brow Shopping Malls

Now consider this scenario. You see a lovely pack of moi moi on the shelf of a shopping mall. You buy it and take it home for the purpose of consuming it but after eating a portion of it, you realize you have lost appetite and cannot finish the entire pack. You leave it on top of the sink in the kitchen and go to sleep. 

Next morning and you are about to dispose of the remnant moi moi when you suddenly discover that it has not shown any sign of decay even though it has been exposed since the previous evening. In fact, when you take it up to your nose and smell, it smells the same way it was when you bought it the previous day.

Now curious, you decide to leave it in the kitchen till evening. However, when you come back in the evening, the story is the same: the moi moi has not shown any sign of decay. And it stays that way for one, two, and three whole days before you begin to notice small signs of decay.

The above situation is not fictional. It was the experience of Mr Kofi Bartels , a popular radio presenter with Nigeria Info 99.3 FM. You could feel the shock in Mr Kofi’s voice as he narrated his ordeal in the course of one of his programmes. And if you think his experience is a case in isolation, then you will need to think again. A lady, who gave her name as Linda, told Natural Health Africa that she bought a wrap of moi moi from a shopping mall in Port Harcourt and felt very uneasy after eating it. She felt like she had developed constipation. She was surprised when she went to the toilet the next morning and saw that everything came out the same way it had gone in.

“It was as if no digestion took place; the whole thing came out the same way I had eaten it. I had to examine it with the aid of a torchlight because the issue gave me a sleepless night and I was wondering if I had been poisoned even though nobody else but me touched that moi moi,” she said.

What Is Moi Moi?

Moi moi is a protein-rich, steamed bean pudding that is a good source of vitamins A, C, and E, as well as iron, folate, and potassium. A 100g serving contains approximately 108-155 calories, 6.5-13g of protein, 2-3g of fat, and 16-24g of carbohydrates. The exact nutritional value varies based on the ingredients and preparation, such as the amount of oil and other additions like fish, eggs, or meat. 

Moi moi is a healthy food due to its high content of protein, fiber, and essential vitamins and minerals from its main ingredient, beans. It supports muscle growth, aids digestion, and can help manage weight because it is low in fat and high in fiber. Its preparation as a steamed dish is also a healthier alternative to fried foods, and it is naturally gluten-free.  

Naturally, moi moi that is left unprotected and unrefrigerated will begin to show signs of decay and spoilage when left overnight. This is often manifested in the taste, smell, and texture, making it undesirable or even unsafe for consumption. So, when such a pack of moi moi stays for up to 72 hours before beginning to exhibit these manifestations, then something must be wrong somewhere. But before we look into why this particular moi moi could not decay, let’s first look at the process of food spoilage and what causes food to decay.

How Bacteria Causes Food Spoilage 

Bacteria and other microorganisms spoil food by breaking down its chemical composition for nutrients, which creates unwanted byproducts. This activity alters the food's taste, smell, and texture. 

Microorganisms consume the proteins, carbohydrates, and fats in food through enzymatic action and metabolic processes, leading to characteristic signs of decay. 

In the case of moi moi and other byproducts of beans, Bacteria secrete enzymes that break down proteins and amino acids. This process, known as putrefaction, produces foul-smelling compounds such as ammonia, amines, and sulfur-containing substances, leading to the rotten odor associated with spoiled moi moi.

It now becomes clear that if moi moi refuses to decay after a long period of time, something must have been introduced to prevent these bacteria from acting on it. And this takes us to another level of the conversation.

How Chemical Preservatives Prevent Food Spoilage 

Chemical preservatives stop food spoilage by inhibiting or killing microorganisms and preventing oxidation, which causes rancidity. They work by creating an environment that is hostile to microbes and by slowing down the chemical reactions that lead to spoilage, thereby extending the food's shelf life. 

Preservatives like benzoic acid, sorbic acid, and nisin can stop the growth of bacteria, yeasts, and molds, or destroy them altogether, thereby extending the moi moi’s shelf life and making it look just as fresh as when it was cooked. Bottomline? Producers of this kind of moi moi do so to extend the shelf life of the food, and this they do by adding harmful preservatives for that purpose. But what is the health implication for the consumer. If moi moi cannot decay more than two days after it has been exposed, what is the guarantee that it would not affect the health of the consumer negatively.

How Dangerous Are Food Preservatives To Human Health? 

The danger of food preservatives to human health varies, with some being linked to adverse effects like allergic reactions and asthma, while others are associated with more serious conditions like cancer and cardiovascular disease with long-term consumption. Some preservatives, such as sulfites, can trigger allergic reactions, while others like nitrites and some artificial dyes and emulsifiers have been linked to cancer, behavioral issues in children, and other chronic health problems.

Foods laced with preservatives do not digest easily and can disrupt the digestive process. Instead of speeding up digestion, the additives in these foods can cause inflammation and alter the gut microbiome, which can lead to digestive discomfort. 

Preservatives And Digestion Problems

• Harmful to gut bacteria: Many preservatives are antimicrobial, meaning they are designed to kill microorganisms like bacteria, yeast, and fungi to extend shelf life. This can disrupt the balance of your gut microbiome by killing off beneficial bacteria necessary for proper digestion.

• Trigger inflammation: Preservatives like sodium benzoate and certain emulsifiers can trigger inflammation and irritation in the gastrointestinal tract. Chronic inflammation is a risk factor for conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

• Inhibit enzymes: Preservatives can suppress the release of digestive enzymes, which slows down the digestion process. This can cause food to sit in the stomach for longer than it should, leading to indigestion and bloating.

• Hinder nutrient absorption: An altered microbiome and inhibited digestive enzymes can prevent your body from properly absorbing nutrients from food. This means that even seemingly "balanced" processed foods can lead to nutrient deficiencies.

• Contribute to constipation: Processed foods often lack fiber, an essential nutrient that helps regulate bowel movements. Combined with the effects of preservatives, this can lead to constipation. 

Conclusion 

Moi moi laced with preservatives is for the purpose of protecting the business of the producer at the expense of the health of the innocent consumer. So, when next you see that lovely pack of moi moi displayed on the shelf of a shopping mall, please ask questions before you pick it up.

 

 

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How Safe Is Sex During Pregnancy?

With Sarah Bradley 

Is it safe to have sex during pregnancy, especially during the first trimester? This is one question that usually bother first-time parents. In many ways, the first trimester of pregnancy can feel like the hardest. You’re nauseous and exhausted and wildly hormonal, anxious about all that could potentially harm your precious cargo — including having sex. It can leave you wondering if everything is off-limits for those nine long months.

Anxiety about pregnant sex is pretty typical, but your baby is safer in there than you think (yes, even when you’re getting busy with your partner).

Assuming you can muddle through the first trimester morning sickness and exhaustion long enough to actually want to have sex, here’s everything you can expect in that department in the early days of pregnancy.

Can sex in the first 12 weeks cause miscarriage?

If this is your biggest fear, you’re not alone. So let’s get right to the good news: In a typical pregnancy, sex is safe throughout all 9 months, including the first trimester.

Unless your healthcare professional has told you not to have sex, there’s no reason to avoid it — regardless of how far along you are. The muscles surrounding your uterus, as well as the amniotic fluid inside it, help protect your baby during sex, and the mucus plug at the opening of your cervix prevents germs from passing through. (And no, a penis can’t touch or damage your uterus during sex.)

There’s a higher chance of miscarriage in general during the first trimester compared with the other trimesters. About 10% of pregnancies end in miscarriage, with the majority of them happening before the 12th week of pregnancy — but it’s important to note that sex isn’t a cause.

Chromosomal changes that develop during embryo fertilization are the most common cause of early miscarriage. It has nothing to do with anything you did. Many causes are unknown.

Miscarriages can also be caused by a variety of risk factors, including:

• parental age (either parent)

• maternal blood clotting disorders

• hormone issues

• uterine or cervical conditions

• developmental conditions in the baby

• use of certain medications, like Accutane

• some lifestyle choices, like using tobacco products

• reproductive disorders that interfere with fertility, like endometriosis and polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)

You might not feel much like having sex in the early days of pregnancy, but you don’t need to avoid sex to limit your chances of miscarriage.

Is bleeding after sex in the first 12 weeks a bad sign?

There are many reasons why you might experience light bleeding or spotting in the first trimester — and most of them don’t have anything to do with the physical act of having sex.

About 15% to 25% of pregnant people experience first trimester bleeding — and that statistic doesn’t come with info regarding the sexual activity of those who experience first trimester bleeding.

Spotting in the first few weeks can be a sign of implantation of the fertilized egg. If you’ve been wanting to get pregnant, this is a good sign! (It’s worth noting, though, that plenty of pregnant people have no implantation bleeding.)

Heavier bleeding may point to issues like placenta previa or an ectopic pregnancy. These conditions aren’t good news, but they also aren’t caused by sex.

That said, your cervix is going through some major changes. Pregnancy hormones may make it drier than usual and can even cause the blood vessels to rupture more easily. Sometimes having sex can cause enough irritation in the vagina to result in light bleeding or spotting, which will look pink, light red, or brown. It’s normal and should resolve within a day or two.

Signs that you should call your doctor? Any bleeding that:

• lasts longer than 1 or 2 days

• becomes dark red or heavy (requiring you to change pads frequently)

• coincides with cramps, fever, pain, or contractions

What if sex is painful in the first 12 weeks?

Sex can be painful throughout pregnancy, not just in the first trimester. For the most part, it’s because of totally normal changes happening in your body. Unless you have an infection, here are a few reasons why sex in the first trimester might hurt:

• Your vagina is dry because of hormonal changes.

• You feel like you need to pee or feel added pressure on your bladder.

• Your breasts and/or nipples are sore.

If sex is so painful that you’re avoiding it, talk with your doctor. There may be an underlying medical cause, or the fix may be as simple as changing positions.

Why am I cramping after sex in the first 12 weeks?

There are two reasons why you might have mild cramping after sex during early pregnancy. Orgasms, which release oxytocin, and semen, which contains prostaglandins, can both cause uterine contractions and leave you with mild cramping for a few hours after sex. (If your partner stimulated your nipples during sex, that can also cause contractions.)

This is typical as long as the cramps are mild and resolve shortly after sex. Try to rest and call your provider if they don’t go away.

Is there ever a reason to avoid having sex during the first 12 weeks?

Remember when we said sex during pregnancy was totally safe unless your doctor told you not to have it? Sex during pregnancy can lead to contractions, which are temporary and harmless in low-risk pregnancies but can lead to preterm labor or other complications if you have an existing medical condition.

Be sure to check with your doctor about whether it’s safe to have sex during pregnancy if you have one of the following conditions:

History of miscarriage

The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) defines repeated miscarriage as having had two or more pregnancy losses. About 1% will experience repeated miscarriage, and in many cases, the cause is unknown.

Remember that sex itself doesn’t cause miscarriage, though extra precautions against uterine contractions may need to be taken in high risk pregnancies.

Multiple-birth pregnancy

If you’re pregnant with more than one baby, your doctor may put you on pelvic rest in an effort to help you go as close to full term as possible. This means nothing should be inserted into your vagina, and includes abstaining from sex as well as avoiding most vaginal exams.

Pelvic rest is not the same as bed rest. It may or may not include restrictions on having orgasms, so you should make sure you understand your doctor’s instructions. If you need to avoid all sexual activities, there are still ways for you and your partner to be intimate.

Incompetent cervix

An “incompetent” cervix means the cervix has opened too early during pregnancy.

Ideally, your cervix will begin to thin and soften right before you go into labor, so you can deliver your baby. But if the cervix opens too soon, you’re at risk for miscarriage and premature delivery.

Signs of preterm labor

Preterm labor is when labor starts between the 20th and 37th weeks of your pregnancy. It’s unlikely that this would happen in the first 12 weeks of pregnancy, but if you’re showing signs of labor before week 37, like contractions, backache, and vaginal discharge, your doctor may want you to avoid activities that could advance your labor.

Placenta previa

The placenta typically forms on the top or side of the uterus, but when it forms underneath — directly over the cervix — this creates a condition called placenta previa.

If you have placenta previa, you may bleed throughout your pregnancy. You could also bleed excessively during delivery, resulting in hemorrhage.

When to see a doctor

Whether you need to see your OB-GYN depends on how long you’ve had symptoms and how severe they are. Mild bleeding, pain, and cramping after sex are all typical, especially if they resolve 1 or 2 days after intercourse.

Heavy bleeding, severe pain or cramping, and other signs of infection, like fever, should be reported to your doctor ASAP. And, of course, if you have any concerns, call your doctor — even if they don’t fall under any of these categories.

Takeaway

Most people have concerns about all kinds of things during pregnancy, including whether it’s OK to have sex.

Unless you’re at risk for complications, sex during the first trimester is safe. If you have a pregnancy-related medical condition, don’t be afraid to ask your doctor exactly what sexual activities are allowed.

 

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