Contrary to popular belief that swimming pools treated with chlorines are safe and free from toxins, recent research has just discovered that Sodium hypochlorite and similar chlorine compounds used in treating pool water can cause liver and kidney cancer, severe infections as well as death.
The research conducted by America’s Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), revealed that these chemicals react with organic material (such as urines, feaces, sweat from swimmer’s body) to form toxic substances that later develop into a number of diseases in humans. It listed the most common diseases incurred from chlorinated water to include respiratory defects, eye and skin infections, gastrointestinal defects, neurological dysfunctions and injuries of the kidney and liver. It also linked excessive exposure to chlorine compounds to kidney and liver cancers.
The research also discovered that chlorine does not kill all germs in the water and swallowing just a little water that contains these germs can cause sickness. In the past two decades, there has been a substantial increase in the number of infections associated with swimming. The most commonly reported is diarrhea. Diarrheal illnesses are caused by germs such as Crypto (short for Cryptosporidium), Giardia, Shigella, norovirus and E. coli O157:H7.
Crypto, which can stay alive for days even in well-maintained pools, has become the leading cause of swimming pool-related outbreaks of diarrheal illness.
Few days ago, Reno Gazette Journal published the story of a 21-year-old woman from California, who died from an infection called primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) which she contracted after going swimming in Reno, Nevada. The woman woke up from a nap on June 16 with symptoms including a headache, nausea and vomiting. Few days later her condition deteriorated until she suffered a cardiac arrest and died.
Aside from contracting germs, fatal illness can also develop after heavy exposure to chlorinated water. According to the CDC research, 2% of the total victims of chlorinated water suffered from severe liver and kidney infections. Risks of renal cancer due to chlorinated water were highlighted by the researchers at the Harvard University School of Public Health some years back. The report estimated that these disinfectants are causing at least about 10,700 cases of kidney cancers every year. This figure also estimated that the number of cases will rise continuously, if adequate measures are not taken.
To analyze the scope of damage from water disinfectants, America’s National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences tested trihalomethanes, an important unit of water disinfectants on rats. The chemical was mixed in their food. A large number of rats developed colorectal and renal cancer while others developed kidney and liver infections from the toxic food.
Subsequent research corroborated the fact that chlorinated water causes potential health risks to people.
Again, the CDC notes that when chlorine binds with sweat, urine, and other waste from swimmers, air irritants increase. Depending on the concentration and how long a person is exposed to them, everything from asthma aggravation and skin problems to neurological problems and diarrhea can develop.
However, the problem goes beyond inhaling air irritants. Researchers from Purdue University say that swimming in a public pool is a health concern because of the multiple ways people can absorb infections; through inhalation, ingestion and skin absorption. Furthermore, they explained that chemicals in makeup, insect repellants and sunscreens also make their way into the pool environment, increasing a person’s exposure to health-aggravating compounds.
“You can inhale, you can ingest and it can go through your skin. So the exposure you receive in a swimming pool setting is potentially much more extensive than the exposure you would receive by just one route alone.
These factors can compound existing health problems or potentially play a role in the onset of new ones,” says Ernest R. Blatchley, a professor at the Division of Environmental and Ecological Engineering at Purdue University.
On the solution to this mounting issue, Michele Hlavsa, chief of the CDC’s Healthy Swimming Program has advised that swimmers need to take an active role in protecting themselves by observing hygiene in the pool. “Swimmers should use the pool to swim, the restroom to pee and the showers to wash up before getting in the pool" he says.
